Brazilian Air Force

Brazilian Air Force
Força Aérea Brasileira

Active 1941–Present
Country  Brazil
Branch Air Force
Size 70,710 active personnel
652 aircraft
Part of Ministry of Defence
Command Headquarters Brasília/DF
Patron Alberto Santos Dumont[1]

Eduardo Gomes[2]

Motto Wings that protect the country
March "Hino dos Aviadores"
Anniversaries May 22 (anniversary)
April 22 (fighter day)
Engagements World War II
U.N. peacekeeping missions
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief President Dilma Rousseff
Commander Lieutenant-Brigadier Juniti Saito
Insignia
Aircraft flown
Attack A-1 AMX, A-29 Super Tucano, Mi-35M Hind
Electronic
warfare
Embraer R-99
Fighter Northrop F-5E/F Tiger II
Interceptor Dassault Mirage 2000
Patrol Lockheed P-3 Orion, Bandeirulha P-95
Reconnaissance R-95, RA-1 AMX, Learjet R-35, Elbit Hermes 450
Trainer Tucano, T-25, HB-350 Esquilo
Transport Cessna 208, C-130, Boeing 707, C-295, Super Puma, UH-1H, EMB-110, EMB-190, C-95 UH-60L, Eurocopter EC725

The Brazilian Air Force (Portuguese: Força Aérea Brasileira, FAB) is the air branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces and one of the three national uniformed services. The FAB was formed when the Army and Navy air branch were merged into a single military force initially called "National Air Forces". Both air branches transferred their equipment, installations and personnel to the new force.

Contents

History

Creation

The establishment of the Royal Air Force in 1918 and the creation of the Italian Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) and the French Air Force during the 1920s drove the idea of uniting Brazilian air power under the same organization. Together with these events the Brazilian strategists were also influenced by the theories of Giulio Douhet, Billy Mitchell and Hugh Montague Trenchard.

The first public manifest[3] to create an integrated military air service came up in 1928 when an army Major called Lysias Rodrigues wrote an article called "An urgent need: The Ministry of the Air" ("Uma premente necessidade: o Ministério do Ar"). Two years later the French Military Mission, working for the Brazilian Army, made the first steps to organize a national air arm. The idea got more support when a group of Brazilian airmen came from Italy in 1934 and explained the advantages of having a military aviation unified. Also, the Spanish Revolution and the first movements of World War II at the end of the thirties showed the importance of Air power for military strategies.

One of the main supporters of the plan to create an independent air arm was the then-president Getúlio Vargas. He organized a study group early in 1940 and the whole structure of the Ministry of Aeronautics (Ministério da Aeronáutica) was established the end of that year. This new governmental agency was responsible for the all aspects of the civil and military aviation including infrastructure, regulation and organization.[4]

Formally, the Ministry of Aeronautics was founded on January 20, 1941 and so its military branch called "National Air Forces", changed to "Brazilian Air Force" (Força Aérea Brasileira - FAB) on May, 22. The Army ("Aviação Militar") and Navy ("Aviação Naval") air branches were extinguished and all personnel, aircraft, installations and other related equipment were transferred to FAB.[4]

World War II

The Brazilian Air force made modest contributions to the allied war effort in WW2, especially on the Italian front.[5][5][6][7] It was mainly equipped with American aircraft (that were deemed less necessary by the USAF) such as the P-47 Thunderbolt. Brazilian Air Force also acted in the Atlantic Ocean from mid 1942 until the end of the war.

Brazilian Air Force aircraft from 1941-1945: Boeing Stearman, Beechcraft Staggerwing, Beechcraft Model 18, Curtiss Falcon, Curtiss P-36 Hawk, Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, Consolidated PBY Catalina, Douglas B-18 Bolo, Douglas A-20 Havoc, Douglas C-47 Skytrain, Focke-Wulf Fw 58, Fairchild PT-19, Lockheed L-18 Lodestar, Lockheed Hudson, Lockheed Ventura, North American B-25 Mitchell, North American T-6 Texan, Vought O2U Corsair, Vultee BT-13 Valiant, Vultee A-19(V-11), P-47 Thunderbolt

Post World War II

After the war, the FAB began flying the British Gloster Meteor jet fighter. The jets were purchased from the British for 15,000 tons of crude cotton, as Brazil had no foreign currency reserves to spare. The jet was operated by the FAB until the mid-1960s, when it was replaced by the F-80C and TF-33A, which were later replaced by the MB-326, Mirage III and F-5 jets.

Cold War

During the Cold War, the Brazilian Republic was aligned with the United States and NATO. This meant that the F-5 could be bought cheaply from the United States, who called this jet the "Freedom Fighter". Many other countries, such as Mexico, also benefited from this policy.

The Embraer (Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica, Brazilian Aeronautic Co.) has its origins as an enterprise directly managed and sponsored by the FAB. Working with Italian corporations, it developed the new AMX attack aircraft (known locally as A-1) which makes up the backbone of the FAB's attack force. The successful Tucano T-27 trainer and the new light attack aircraft "A-29," are also Embraer aircraft used extensively by the FAB.

Today

Strength

As of 2010, the FAB had a strength of 70,710 active personnel and 652 aircraft in service. Making it by far the largest air force in Latin America. Figures are taken from the International Institute for Strategic Studies.[8]

Developments

In the early 2000s, with renewed economic stability, the FAB underwent an extensive renewal of its inventory through several acquisition programs, the most ambitious of which was the acquisition of 36 new front-line interceptor aircraft to replace its aging Mirage III. Known as F-X Project the program was postponed once again in 2005. The competitors were the French Dassault Rafale, the Swedish SAAB-BAE Gripen, and the American F/A-18 Super Hornet.

On July 15, 2005 one agreement was set with the French government for the transfer of twelve Dassault Mirage 2000s (ten "C" and two "B" versions) second-hand ex-Armée de L'Air. Known as F-2000s in Brazil, the first two aircraft arrived at Anápolis Air Base on September 4, 2006.

On November 4, 2007 the F-X Project underwent a small change. Now known as Project F-X2 and with a bigger budget, the competitors for acquisition were the Eurofighter Typhoon, Sukhoi Su-35, Saab Gripen, Dassault Rafale, Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and, although information on Lockheed Martin's F-35 Lightning II was requested, Lockheed Martin presented an F-16 Fighting Falcon variant (designated F-16BR).[9] In October 2008, FAB released a shortlist of 3 aircraft: SAAB Gripen NG, Dassault Rafale and Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. In February 2009, the three companies provided their final bids.[10] In September 2009, following a surprise French visit to Brazil, Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Nicolas Sarkozy, from France, made a new military cooperation agreement. Lula, on an interview at TV5 Monde, said French Rafale is a step forward, since technology transfer would be effective.[11]

On September 7, 2009, Brazilian Independence Day, it was announced Brazil would negotiate 36 Dassault Rafale.[12] But the Defence Minister did not confirm if it is the final decision.

On January 5, 2010, after extreme lobbying by Air Force Officers and Commanders, it was reported in the media that the final evaluation report by the Brazilian Air Force placed the SAAB Gripen NG ahead of the other contenders. The decisive factor was apparently the overall cost of the new fighters, both in terms of unit cost, and operating and maintenance costs, and the personal preference of the test pilots. Rafale was reported to not even be the second choice.[13] It was announced in February 2011 that the decision would be further delayed due to budget cuts.[14]

Command structure

The Brazilian Air Force is the aerospace branch of the Brazilian armed forces and is managed by the "Aeronautics Command" (Comando da Aeronáutica - COMAer). The COMAer was created in 1999[15] and replaced the Ministry of Aeronautics. Now, the COMAer is one of the three armed forces assigned to the Ministry of Defense (Ministério da Defesa).

The COMAer is led by the "Aeronautics Commander" (Comandante da Aeronáutica). Unlike USAF, the Commander is a "Tenente-Brigadeiro-do-Ar" (the most senior rank used in the Air Force, which is essentially the same as a USAF four-star general). He is nominated by the President and reports directly to the Minister of Defense.

COMAer comprises six major components, four "General Commands" (Comandos-Gerais) and two "Departaments" (Departamentos). The "General Command of Air Operations" (Comando-Geral de Operações Aéreas - COMGAR), with headquarters in Brasilia, supervises most of the flying operations. As the main flying element, COMGAR administers several sub-formations in the form of four "Air Forces" (Forças Aéreas) and seven "Regional Air Commands" (Comandos Aéreos Regionais - COMAR).

Besides COMGAR, other major parallel organizations, which also report directly to the COMAer, are the "General Command of Support" (Comando-Geral de Apoio - COMGAP), "General Command of Personnel" (Comando-Geral de Pessoal - COMGEP), "General Command of Aerospatial Technology" (Comando-Geral de Tecnologia Aeroespacial - CTA), "Aeronautics Departament of Teaching" (Departamento de Ensino da Aeronáutica - DEPENS), "Departament of Civil Aviation" (Departamento de Aviação Civil - DAC) and "Departament of Airspace Control" (Departamento de Controle do Espaço Aéreo - DECEA).

Operations

A recent operation of the FAB was the bombing of illegal landing sites in the Amazon Forest, used by drug dealers to transport drugs into and out of Brazil (see SIVAM). The operation also had support from the Brazilian Army and Brazilian Federal Police with many drug dealers being arrested as a result. The AMX Bomber/Fighter was the primary plane used.

The FAB is currently working on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) supporting the United Nations force (a joint Brazilian, Uruguayan, Chilean and Argentine force) deployed there.

In 2010, the FAB worked on the Search & Rescue mission of Air France flight AF447. The Brazilian Air Force has started a search and rescue from the Brazilian archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, highlighting eight planes to search a stretch bounded by the coastal cities of Recife, Natal and the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha.

Exercises

The Cruzex air force exercises are the most important of its type in South America. They are hosted every 2 years by the Brazilian Air Force. Issues and participants:

Air units organization

At unit levels, "Groups" (Grupos) usually consist of one to sixteen consecutively-numbered "Squadrons" (Esquadrões), each with varying numbers of aircraft, usually from six to 12. Smaller formations are known as "Flights" (Esquadrilhas). According to its tasks, a group has one of the following designations:

Common used designations for squadrons are:

The air units are organized as follows:

COMGAR sub-formation Air unit Aircraft type Air base
I FAe 1º/5º GAv C-95 Natal
2º/5º GAv A-29B Natal
1º/11º GAv UH-50 Natal
II FAe 1º/7º GAv P-95B,P-3AM Salvador
2º/7º GAv P-95B Florianópolis
3º/7º GAv P-95A Belém
4º/7º GAv P-95A Santa Cruz
1º/8º GAv UH-1H,H-36 Belém
2º/8º GAv AH-2 Porto Velho
3º/8º GAv H-34,UH-55 Afonsos
5º/8º GAv H-60L Santa Maria
7º/8º GAv H-60L Manaus
2º/10º GAv UH-1H,SC-95B,SC105A Campo Grande
III FAe 1º/1º GAvCa F-5EM,AT-27 Santa Cruz
2º/1º GAvCa F-5EM,AT-27 Santa Cruz
1º GDA F-2000,AT-27 Anápolis
1º/3º GAv AT-27,A-29,A-29B Boa Vista
2º/3º GAv AT-27,A-29,A-29B Porto Velho
3º/3º GAv AT-27,A-29,A-29B Campo Grande
1º/4º GAv F-5EM,F-5FM Manaus
1º/6º GAv R-35A,R-95 Recife
2º/6º GAv R-99A/B,C-98 Anápolis
1º/10º GAv A-1,A-1B Santa Maria
3º/10º GAv RA-1,RA-1B Santa Maria
1º/14º GAv F-5EM,F-5FM,AT-27 Canoas
1º/12º GAv RQ-450 Santa Maria
1º/16º GAv A-1,A-1B Santa Cruz
V FAe 1º GTT C-130H Afonsos
1º/1º GT C-130H/KC-130H Galeão
1º/2º GAv C-99 Galeão
2º/2º GAv KC-137 Galeão
1º/9º GAv C-105A Manaus
1º/15º GAv C-105A Campo Grande
I COMAR 1º ETA C-95B,C-98,C-97 Belém
II COMAR 2º ETA C-95,C-97 Recife
III COMAR 3º ETA C-95B,C-97 Galeão
IV COMAR 4º ETA C-95A,C-97 São Paulo
V COMAR 5º ETA C-95A,C-97 Canoas
VI COMAR 6º ETA C-95c, VU-9,VC-97 Brasília
VII COMAR 7º ETA C-97,C-98 Manaus

Other air units are:

Major component Air unit Aircraft type Air base
DECEA GEIV EC-95B/C,EU-93A Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont
CTA GEEV A-1,XU-93,T-27,CH-55 São José dos Campos
DEPENS 1º EIA T-27 Pirassununga
DEPENS 2º EIA T-25A/C Pirassununga
DEPENS Clube de Vôo a Vela U-19,Z-15,Z-16,TZ-13 Pirassununga
DEPENS Support C-95A,UH-50,U-7 Pirassununga
Reporting direct to Air Force cabinet GTE VC-1A,VC-2,VC-99C,VH-34,VH-55,VH-35 Brasília
Reporting direct to Air Force cabinet EDA T-27 Pirassununga

The Air Force Bases of the Brazilian Air Force are:

Location State ICAO IATA Airport name
Anápolis Goiás SBAN Anápolis Air Force Base
Belém Pará SBBE Belém Air Force Base
Boa Vista Roraima SBBV Boa Vista Air Force Base
Brasília Federal District SBBR Brasília Air Force Base
Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul SBCG Campo Grande Air Force Base
Canoas Rio Grande do Sul SBCO Canoas Air Force Base
Florianópolis Santa Catarina SBFL Florianópolis Air Force Base
Fortaleza Ceará SBFZ Fortaleza Air Force Base
Guarulhos São Paulo SBGR GRU São Paulo Air Force Base
Manaus Amazonas SBMN PLL Manaus Air Force Base
Natal Rio Grande do Norte SBNT Natal Air Force Base
Porto Velho Rondônia SBPV Porto Velho Air Force Base
Recife Pernambuco SBRF Recife Air Force Base
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro SBGL GIG Galeão Air Force Base
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro SBSC SNZ Santa Cruz Air Force Base
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro SBAF Afonsos Air Force Base
Salvador Bahia SBSV Salvador Air Force Base
Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul SBSM Santa Maria Air Force Base
Santos São Paulo SBST SSZ Santos Air Force Base
Novo Progresso Pará SBCC Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso

Weapon systems

Missiles, bombs and rockets

Type Product On order Origin Aircraft
Anti-tank Missile 9M120 Ataka-V High explosive anti-tank  Russia AH-2 (Mi-35M)
Anti-ship missile MAN-1 It will be an anti-ship missile with a 60–80 km range.  Brazil A-1M
Anti-ship missile AGM-84 Harpoon Harpoon Block I air-launched missile  United States P-3M
Air to air missile A-Darter 5° Generation Air to Air missile  Brazil/ South Africa -
Air to air missile Mectron MAA-1 Piranha Short range Air to Air missile  Brazil F-5M, A-29, A-1M
Air to air missile MAA-1B"Piranha B" This new version of the Piranha, fits as a 4th generation missile with "off boresigh", about 90°, and a greater range of 50%  Brazil -
Anti-radiation missile MAR-1 Brazilian anti-radiation missile (ARM)  Brazil A-1M, F-5M
Air to air missile Derby Beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile  Israel F-5M
Air to air missile Python -3 and -4 Short range air-to-air missile  Israel F-5M
Air to air missile R550 Magic Short-range  France Mirage 2000
Air to air missile Super 530 Short-range  France Mirage 2000
Cluster Bomb BLG-252 Bomb  Brazil A-1, A-29, F-5M, AT-27
Incendiary bomb BINC-300 Bomb  Brazil A-1, A-29, F-5M, AT-27
Guided bombs Elbit Lizard Laser Guided Bomb  Israel A-1M, F-5M
Guided bombs SMKB-82/83 GPS Guided Bomb (known like AKAUAN)  Brazil A-1, F-5M, A-29
Guided bombs Mark 83 bomb GPS Guided Bomb (known like AKAUAN)  Brazil A-1, F-5M, A-29
Guided bombs Mark 82 bomb GPS Guided Bomb (known like AKAUAN)  Brazil A-1, F-5M, A-29
Rockets Avibras Skyfire 70 Rocket Air-to-Surface/Surface-to-Air  Brazil A-29, A-1
Rockets SBAT-70/127 Rocket Air-to-Surface/Surface-to-Air  Brazil AT-27, A-29, P-95
Rockets S-8 rocket Rocket Air-to-Surface/Surface-to-Air (Mi-35M)  Russia AH-2 (Mi-35M)

Machine guns and automatic cannon

Type Product On order Origin Aircraft
Automatic cannon DEFA cannon 30mm single-barrel  France Mirage 2000, A-1M
Automatic cannon M-39 20mm single-barrel  United States F-5M
Machine Gun M-2 12,7mm single barrel heavy machine gun  United States A-29, AT-27
Machine Gun Minigun 7,62mm multi-barrel heavy machine gun  United States H-60L
Machine Gun FN MAG 7.62 mm general purpose machine gun  Belgium H-34 Super Puma
Automatic cannon GSh-23L NPPU-23 movable mounting  Russia AH-2 (Mi-35M)

Pistols and rifles

Platform Origin Type In service Notes
HK33  Germany Assault Rifle Will be replaced by IMBEL IA2
AR-15  United States Assault Rifle Will be replaced by IMBEL IA2
SIG SG 550  Switzerland Assault Rifle Used by Para Sar
Taurus MT-12  Brazil Submachinegun M-972 -
Taurus PT-92  Brazil Pistol M-975 -
HK PSG1  Germany Sniper Commands used by the Air Force, Para-SAR
M2 Browning  United States Machine gun -
FN MAG  Belgium Machine gun -
CBC/Boito 12 gauge  Brazil Shotgun -

Radar

Platform Origin Type In service Notes
M-60  Brazil Radar 4 in test Purchased pilot lot with range of 60 km to 75 km

Air Defence Systems

Platform Origin Type In service Notes
9K38 Igla  Russia SAM 28 SA-18

See also

References

Bibliography

External links